Draft Amendment to Criminal Proceeding Code to Comply with the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)[1]
The CPTPP stipulates that member countries must apply criminal procedures and penalties at least in cases of willful counterfeiting trademarks or copyright, related rights piracy on a commercial scale, in particular, point g, clause 6, Article 18.77 of the CPTPP provides that the competent authorities of a member state may act upon their own initiative to initiate legal action without the need for a formal complaint by a third party or right holder.[2]
With the responsibility of presiding over and coordinating with relevant ministries and competent authorities to review the 2015 Criminal Procedure Code, effective from January 1, 2018 (”CPC”), based on Resolution No. 72/2018/QH14 and Resolution No. 72/2018/QH14, Decision No. 121/QD-TTg, the Supreme People's Procuracy is proposing to amend Clause 1, Article 155 of the CPC in the direction of abolishing the reference to Article 226 of the 2015 Penal Code as revised to allow the competent authorities may initiate criminal proceedings against the offence of infringing upon industrial property rights without the need for the victim's request and amend Clause 8, Article 157 of the CPC in the direction of abolishing the reference to Article 226 of the Penal Code to remove grounds not to prosecute criminal cases in cases of crimes specified in Clause 1, Article 226 of the Penal Code stating that no instition of crime cases without the complaint made by the victims or victims' representatives.[3]
Does Abolition of Criminal Prosection Relied Upon the Victim’s Request Infringe Upon the Victim’s Private Prosecution Right?
Criminal measures applicable for intellectual property crimes, according to our research, seem to be currently only set out in three Free Trade Agreements (FTA) that Vietnam has signed and is obliged to comply with, specifically Article 61 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), Article 18.77 of the CPTPP and Article 11.74 of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Criminal sanctions in these FTAs that are required to be transposed into national law have the same features as criminalizing knowing acts of trademark counterfeiting and copyright piracy on the condition that the criminal consequence was proved to be on a commercial scale.
Vietnam already transposed its commitment into at Article 225 – Offence of infringing upon copyright and related rights, and Article 226 – Offence of infringing upon industrial property rights in the 2015 Penal Code as revised but expanded to include new objective of the crime as fake geographical indication.[4] Both crimes require the satisfaction of all 3-constituent elements of the crime: (a) the individual commited the act with intentional fault; (b) the matter being infringed is the act of reproduction or distribution of copyrighted work, phonogram, video recording, or the matter being violated as counterfeit mark goods or goods bearing fake geographical indication; and (c) the commercial scale of the act (e.g., infringing goods valued at over 100 million VND for copyright/related rights, or 200 million VND or more for goods bearing counterfeit trademarks or geographical indications)
Clause 1, Article 226 of the Penal Code provides for that only when there is the request for prosecution by the victim or the victim's representative, institution of crime cases may be commenced. Thus, according to this provision, if the commercial scale of the crime falls into the aggravating circumstances in Clause 2 (such as the value of infringing goods from VND 500 million or more), the procedure conducting bodies will still act upon their own initiative to prosecute the criminal case regardless of whether the victim made any claim for prosetion or not. The spirit of point g, clause 6, Article 18.77 of the CPTPP does not force the proceedings-conducting agency to actively prosecute when there is no request for prosecution of the stakeholder, but only recommends that Vietnam can choose to take the initiative to prosecute without the need for a request by the victim. Therefore, page 2 of the draft report assessing the impact of the policy in the proposal to develop a law amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Criminal Procedure Code No. 101/2015/QH13 of the People's Procuracy The Supreme Court wrote that "the provisions in Clause 1, Article 155 and Clause 8 of Article 157 of the CPC are not compatible with point g, Clause 6, Article 18.77 of the CPTPP Agreement" is not really accurate.
Nevertheless, regardless of our comments in the above paragraph, we still support the opinion of the Supreme People's Procuracy on choosing option 2 in the Impact Assessment Report and the Report to the National Assembly Standing Committee to propose that the prosecution should be based on the victim's request for an offense under Clause 1, Article 226 of the Penal Code because the prosecution of a criminal case which requires to have the victim’s request including Clause 1 Article 226 the legislation in nature protects the right to private prosecution (quyền tư tố),[5] specifically the victim’s rights to physicality, mentality, honor and dignity. The removal of the victim’s request as a basis for criminal prosecution under Clause 1 Article 226 of the Penal Code, in our opinion, does not have a negative impact on physicality, mentality, health, honor and dignity of the victim. In other words, the Supreme People's Procuracy’s proposal to amend the Criminal Procedure Code does not infringe on the right to private prosecution. On the other hand, the current situation of IPR infringement in Vietnam has caused a lot of concerns,[6] while the administrative sanctions are considered too light and not enough to deter those who carry out the act of production and trafficking in goods bearing counterfeit trademarks or forging geographical indications. In conclusion, prosecution against a criminal case under Clause 1 Article 226 of the Penal Code without the need for a claim by the victim is reasonable, which contributes to generate a healthy and fair business environment for the Vietnamese business community.
Should you need any assistance, please contact: vinh@bross.vn; mobile: 0903 287 057; Zalo: +84903287057; Skype: vinh.bross; Wechat: Vinhbross2603.
[1] This is the opinion of Bross & Partners in response to the VCCI's request for comments on the Draft Amendment to the Criminal Procedure Code of 2015 to be consistent with the commitments in the CPTPP on intellectual property rights.
[2] Article 18.77 CPTPP: Criminal Procedures and Penalties
1. Each Party shall provide for criminal procedures and penalties to be applied at least in cases of wilful trademark counterfeiting or copyright or related rights piracy on a commercial scale. In respect of wilful copyright or related rights piracy, “on a commercial scale” includes at least:
(g) Its competent authorities may act upon their own initiative to initiate legal action without the need for a formal complaint by a third person or right holder.
[3] Article 155 Criminal Procedure Code. Institution of Crime Cases at the request of victims
1. Criminal cases may only be prosecuted for crimes specified in Clause 1, Articles 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 143, 155, 156 and 226 of the Penal Code at the request of the victim or the victim's representative for those who is under the age of 18, mentally or physically impaired, or deceased.
Article 157 Criminal Procedure Code. Grounds for not prosecuting criminal cases
A criminal case may not be instituted if there is one of the following grounds:
8. Crimes are specified in Clause 1, Articles 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 143, 155, 156 and 226 of the Penal Code that the victim or the victim's representative does not request prosecution.
[4] See more “Legal basis of penal liability for criminal offence of infringing upon intellectual property rights according to current Vietnamese laws”
at the link: http://bross.vn/newsletter/ip-news-update/Legal-basis-of-penal-liability-for-criminal-offence--of-infringing-upon-intellectual-property-rights-according-to-current-Vietnamese-laws
[5] Author Ngu Hong Quang in the article “Tư tố trong tố tụng hình sự của Trung Quốc” (only Vietnamese) assumes that private prosecution (tư tố vs. công tố) is a concept equally comparable to public prosecution, which means that in some criminal cases, the victim or the victim’s legal representative acts upon their own initiative to prosecute the accused in accordance with the law, without having to be prosecuted by the public prosecutor's office. In the world, there are two main types of prosecution: one is the right to prosecute completely under the state prosecutor's office, the victim does not have the right to prosecute the accused, such as Vietnam, the US, and Japan. Another type is available in Germany, France, and China, where there both public prosecutors and private prosecutors are available, but public prosecutors are primary, and private prosecution is secondary.
[6] See more ”Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights in Vietnam and the Current Situation for Dealing therewith” at the link: http://bross.vn/newsletter/ip-news-update/Infringement-of-Intellectual-Property-Rights-in-Vietnam--and-the-Current-Situation-for-Dealing-therewith
0+